高中英語詞彙加寫作課件

高中英語詞彙加寫作課件，一起來看看吧。

怎樣才能提高寫作能力？

要想用英語把文章寫好，首先需要打下牢固的語言基礎，即相當程度的語言造詣、良好的語言修養和敏銳的語言感知能力。寫作者必須懂得寫作的具體步驟，瞭解寫作的性質，掌握寫作的技巧。更為重要的是，中國學生還必須解決用英語思維的問題。不懂得英美人思維方式的人，無論語言功底有多深，是寫不出地道的英語文章的。

英語語言的功底指對這門語言中各種語言知識的掌握和運用能力，其中包括用詞的準確和精煉、修辭手段的自如運用、時態的準確運用以及語法和句法結構的熟練掌握等。寫作中常出現的問題是用詞欠準確，這主要是由於對詞意和詞在不同的語境中所產生的不同語意把握不好所致，而詞彙量的貧乏也無疑是造成用詞欠妥的一個重要因素。當然，掌握了一定詞彙量而不懂得修辭知識的人仍不可能把文章寫好。

除了語言功底，寫作者還必須清楚寫作的具體任務、寫作的特殊性以及寫作所需要的各種技巧。寫作是一種綜合的智力活動，其作品是以思想為基礎，以語言為工具而創造出來的藝術品。寫作不僅需要豐富的想象力，還需要嚴謹的語言邏輯和獨特的思想。否則，文章決不可能成為語言的佳作。

中國人用英語寫作還面臨一個思維方式的轉變問題。不熟悉英語語言思維方式的人，無論有何等"高超"的寫作技巧，都不可能創造出優美地道的英文作品。尤其是有很多學生在用英語寫文章之前總習慣先用中文列出提綱，然後按照列出的中文提綱從事英語的寫作。以這種方式寫出的文章是可想而知的。

總之，思維方式的轉變、對寫作性質的深入瞭解、樹立英語寫作的正確意識是創造成功的英文作品的前提。如果您已經下決心提高自己的寫作能力，請閱讀以下文章：

英語寫作要訣

Agreement: 主語和謂語在人稱、數上的一致，關係代詞與先行詞的一致。

Ambiguity: 儘量不去使用可能引起歧義的詞語或句子。

Brief: 文章"簡為貴"，要抓住要點，簡明扼要。

Coherence: 文理通順，前後連貫。

Development: 主題的發揮應當充分、合理、正確。

Division: 詞彙、句子、段落要分配使用得當，劃分要清楚，避免使用重複字句和種子片段。

Figures: 正確合理使用各類修辭格式。

Inflated diction: 不使用做作的語言。

Key: 用適當的關鍵詞突出主題，每段都應有主題句。

Logical: 內容要符合邏輯。

Message: 資訊要新鮮、確實、可信。

Omit: 合理刪除多餘的不必要部分。

Proposition: 主張、觀點、論述要清楚肯切、合情入理。

Punctuation: 正確適時使用標點符號。

Relevant: 文章一定要切題。

Sentence pattern: 句型要儘量多樣化。

Strait: 開門見山，直來直去。

Style: 文體恰切，適合內容要求。

Tense: 動詞時態要正確、一致、變化合理。

Theme: 選題得當，主題突出。

　英語作文的文章的開頭

一篇文章通常可分為三個部分，即開頭、正文和結尾。這三個部分安排是否得體，直接影響到文章的質量。

文章的開頭一般來說應儘量做到開門見山，用簡單明白的敘述引出文章的話題，使讀者瞭解文章要談論什麼，一下於引起讀者的興趣。

作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種：

1．開門見山，揭示主題

文章一開頭，，就交待清楚文章的主題是什麼。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開頭是：

I Spent my last vacation happily．

下面是題為"Honesty"(談誠實)一文中的開頭：

Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people．

2．交代人物、事情、時間或環境開頭

在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅遊)的開頭：

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

3. 回憶性的開頭

用回憶的方法來開頭。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山遊)的開頭是：

I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.

4．概括性的開頭

即對要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書的快樂)的開頭：

People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

5．介紹環境式的開頭

即開頭利用自然景物或自然環境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場事故)的開頭是:

It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.

6．交待寫作目的的開頭。

在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目的，如通過文章要表揚誰，批評誰，或說明一個什麼問題等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制汙染)的開頭：

In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

英語作文的文章的結尾

文章結尾的作用是概括全文內容，進一步強調或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表達得更加深刻。

文章結尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見的有以下幾種：

1．首尾呼應，畫龍點睛

在文章的結尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點明主題，深化主題，起到畫龍點睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的結尾：

After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

2．重複主題句

結尾回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達到強調的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛家鄉)的結尾：

I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

3. 自然結尾

隨著文章的結束，文章自然而然地結尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚)的結尾：

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

4．含蓄性的結尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領會和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結尾：

Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.

5．用反問結尾

雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，並具有特別的強調作用，引起讀者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我們要不要學做家務?) 的結尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?

6．指明方向，激勵讀者

結尾表示對將來的'展望，或期待讀者投入行動。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運動)的結尾：

As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.

文章的結尾沒有一定的模式，可以根據表達主題的需要靈活創造。一般的習慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經常採用自然結尾的方法；但說理性和邏輯性較強的說明文和議論文則往往都有結束語，以便使文章首尾呼應，結構完整

　英文寫作中詞語的選擇

1．詞語選擇的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，編者對詞語選用的重要性作了一個很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：

it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

顯然，說話或寫文章時用詞適當比穿著適當難度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我國，古人寫文章時常為一個詞語的選用具思苦想，因而有“語不驚人死不休”的說法。

成語“一字值千金”也說明了選擇詞語的極端重要性。有時“一字之差”造成令人遺憾的敗筆，或招致成千上萬的經濟損失。這些反面的教訓也告訴我們必須重視詞語選用的問題。

2．詞語選擇的可能性

實際上，我們每個人的腦子裡都有了一個或大或小的詞庫，只要我們肯去發掘，往往可以得到更好的表達方式。這是我們做好詞語選用的主觀條件。

從客觀條件廣看，我們有各種型別的詞典和參考書，只要我們平時多翻譯、多閱讀，寫作時勤查考，就會在詞語選用上不斷進步。當然，一部好詞典也不會毫無缺點，更難以面面俱到，因此在這裡我們應牢牢記住著名英國作家、評論家和辭書編纂家Johson的話：

Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.

3．詞語選擇的三項標準

關於擇語標準，人們說法不一，但準確、鮮明、生動三項原則是公認的。當然，某詞語用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地從詞語本身的含義上著眼，還要看其具體使用場合，包括同其他詞語搭配等。

1)擇語的準確性

準確性，就是要根據使用場合選用確切的語言形式，正如有句英語俗語所言：

Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.

著名美國作家馬克吐溫說：“用詞準確與用詞幾乎準確，這兩者之間的差異就如閃電與螢火蟲之間的差異。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug．)

為了擇語準確，必須熟悉詞語的多義性。例如depression對心理學家、經濟學家或地質學家來說，含義各不相同：

He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.

The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.

Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.

反之，也常常有幾個詞語可以表示類似的含義，如心理學上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等詞語表示。

要做到準確選擇，有必要注意詞語的兩種意義：“基本意義”(denotation)和"引申意義"(connotation)。前者指該詞語的本身，或客觀的固有含義，後者指該詞語在一定搭配或上下句中出現的其他意義，往往比較含蓄，帶有詞語使用者的主觀態度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顧客問營業員：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要價錢便宜一點的，當然並不是說質量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用場合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝嗇”、“卑鄙”等多種意思，這類意思正是修辭上的“敏感地帶”。

選用詞語的準確性還表現在區分表示大體/抽象含義的詞語和表示具體/特定含義的詞語上，需要根據不同的使用場合做出正確的選擇。抽象含義詞語和具體含義詞語不是兩個對立的家族，在一定的條件下可以轉化，如

labor一詞通常帶抽象含義，但並非一成不變。試比較：

A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.

B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.

上述A句中labor一詞為抽象含義，泛指各種社會勞動，B句中labor為具體含義，特指WAW，即美國汽車、飛機、農業機械工人聯合會。

2)擇語的鮮明度

準確性是鮮明度的前提，也是提高鮮明度的基礎。然而，鮮明與簡練相關。英國文豪莎士比亞的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相當於漢語的“言貴簡潔”。我們說話、寫文章都要以“言簡意賅”四字為目標，為此，應從兩個方面加以注意：

A．在可以運用較簡短的常見詞語表達意思時不要用複雜而少的詞語，如：do something for(不用perform，

accomplish)，用end／finish a letter (不用terminate，conclude)。

B．多餘的或轉彎抹角的詞語都不利於明白地表達思想，因而下列短語中加括號的部分都應省去：

mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back) from abroad，etc．

3)擇語的生動感

生動感也可以叫做優美感(gracefulness)，它是建築在準確性和鮮明度的基礎上的，否則，單純追求生動或優雅，就會出現辭藻華麗(flowery)

記敘文指導

記敘文是以寫人、記事、狀物為主要內容，以敘述和描寫為表達方式的文章。

以寫人為主的記敘文，應該注意肖像描寫、行動描寫、語言描寫、心理描寫以及對細節的描寫，考生應根據寫作的要求，靈活掌握，突出重點。

以寫事為主的記敘文，應該注意交待六要素（時間、地點、人物、事件、原因、結果），應該注意描寫先後順序以及記事的相對完整，注意把握好事情的開始、發展、高潮及結局。

以與景為主的記敘文，應該注意景物的主要特徵，景物描寫的層次，以及人與物的情感交融。

　記敘文寫作要點如下：

１． 明確寫作目的和敘述的中心思想，段落敘述始終圍繞著主題而展開，避免空間的敘述和與主題無關的內容。

２． 一篇好敘述文需要直接或間接表達以下六個問題，即：when？該事發生的時間， where？該事發生的地點，who？人物角色是誰，what？發生的是什麼事，why？該事發生的原因，以及how？事件的結果是如何造成的等等。

３． 一篇記敘文，無論長短如何都應該是一個完全獨立的事實，因此，在下筆時必須明確：該從何處開始敘述，該在何處結束敘述，以及應該提供何種事實才能使敘述完整。

４． 寫作順序可以採用“順敘”、“倒敘”和“穿插敘述”的方法，但初學者最好採用“順敘”的方法進行訓練，以情節發生時間的先後為序。

記敘文範文欣賞

記敘是一種表現人物活動，經歷或事物的發生，發展，變化過程的寫作方法。它可以是講述自己的經歷，也可以解釋一個觀點。記敘以描寫事件為主，其中“五個W”是敘述的要點。記敘一般以時間為順序。記敘文不同於其他文體，它可以沒有主題句，結論句，所敘道理隱含於故事之中。如：

It was a cold day in winter. An ant was bringing out some grains of corn he had gathered in summer to dry them. A grasshopper, who was very hunger, saw the ant and begged him for some corn, saying that he was dying of hunger. The ant looked at the grasshopper and asked him what he had done in summer and why he hadn’t stored up some grains of corn. The grasshopper told the ant that he had been very busy in summer and he hadn’t stored any corn. The ant asked him once more what he had done in summer. The grasshopper replied that he had sung all summer. The ant angrily said to him that he could dance all winter as he had sung all summer.

該段文章通過故事情節的發展使讀者自然地讀出“不勞無獲”的結論。但是記敘性段落同樣也可有主題句，擴充套件句和結論句的支援，練習寫作時應予以注意。

1. 記敘文的基本要求

1）主題要明確，內容要充實。文章中的故事要有頭有尾，要有高潮，要把何人，何事，何時，何地，何因幾方面交代清楚，避免空泛，籠統的話。通過對人物，事物和景物的描寫，表現出故事的主題和作者的思想感情。

2）層次分明，有條有理。繼續時除了有開頭語及高潮性的結尾外，還要注意描寫的層次要清楚，挑選一些典型事例或細節加以理安排，用最簡單易行的方法，按時間的先後順序進行描寫。

3)記敘應以時間為線索，注意時間關聯詞的使用。

I usually get up early in the morning. Then, I go to the lavatory to brush my teeth and my face. After that, I go to the sports ground to have some exercise. Lunch is at 12:00. After lunch, I take a nap. In the afternoon, I go to the library. When evening comes, I watch TV for a while. Then I listen to the English broadcast, or prepare my lessons in the classroom. I usually go to bed when the close strikes 11.

4) 主次分明，詳略得當。對一件事情的敘述不能平均用墨。能夠突出主題的情節要詳寫，不能突出主題的情節要簡寫或不寫。如下面一段文字的主題句是Traveling can have its exciting though frustrating movements.應是突出的重點。從段落中我們可以看到描寫這兩點的很多細節：司機是如何弄到活雞送到家中同時又擔心拿不到手提箱而趕不上飛機的焦急心情。作者對他們最後怎樣到達旅館、怎樣及時到達機場描寫得很少，儘管它們也是這個事件的一部分。

Traveling can have its exciting, though frustrating moments. A few years ago I spent a week in America. The week was over, to my surprised, that I had left one of my suitcases at my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and explained my situation to the driver. We sped off in the direct of my hotel. Suddenly, the taxi driver slowed down so he could talk with the driver of a truck moving along the road next to us. The truck contained live chicken. Without stopping the taxi, the driver stuck his hand out of the window and took a live chicken, which he neatly stuck under the seat next to him. Meanwhile, I was getting more and more anxious about my suitcase and making my plane on time. Time wasn’t bothering the taxi driver, though. Instead of heading straight for the hotel, he made a detour to drop the chicken off at his home! In the end, however, we managed to get the suitcase and then raced back to the airport. Fortunately, I made it to my plane on time. What started out as a frustrating moment ended up being a permanent memory and a great story.

　記敘文大學聯考指引

記敘文是大學聯考書面表達中比較常用的一種形式。

1）記敘文要寫作者比較瞭解的人或事物。

2）仔細審題，看準題目要求，確定文章的主題。文章的內容、結構、層次及所用語言都應圍繞主題進行。

3）具體詳細地描述。要使文章有說服力，敘述就必須繁簡疏密相間。詳細具體的描寫有助於讀者對所敘述的人物或事件等有個深刻的印象。

4）寫作時要避免句子單調、毫無花樣。這就要求寫作時長短句結合，注意銜接詞的運用。

5）敘述要生動。要使文章敘述生動，具有吸引力，必須請注意詞彙的選擇，時態的運用以及上下文的一致問題。詞語的運用應注意是否恰當、通順、簡潔和準確。時態的運用應注意上下文的相關性、連續性，要與表達的內容一致。

6）敘述的順序。大多數情況下敘述都是按照事情的發展及時間的先後進行的，但有時也可以採用其它順序，如倒敘、插敘等。

7）人稱。一般說來，記敘文用第一人稱或第三人稱來敘述。用第一人稱敘述的優點是：文章比較生動、形象，使讀者有身臨其境的感覺，因而加強了故事的真實感和感染力。其缺點是，描寫的範圍受到限制。一篇文章中，由於角色的變化，人稱也要隨之而變，但應注意前後一致性。

記敘文下水試遊

1、寫作題目：My First Stay at Home

寫作要求：請根據下列要求，以My First Stay at Home為題，寫一篇100字左右的文章。

內容要點：

1、父母出差，自己一個人在家

2、自己照顧自己

3、難忘有意義的經歷

要點提示：

rable experience

business

care of oneself.

思路指津：時態：描述自己過去的經歷自然用一般過去時

謀篇佈局：文章以時間為線索，描述自己在家的行為

主題：難忘的經歷，所以中心應該突出如何難忘，如何有意義

參考範文：

My first stay at home alone was memorable. When I was twelve, once both of my mother and father were away on business, and I had been all by myself for two days. My parents left early the first day, and I got up soon after they left. In the first evening I was a little scared, so I turned on all the lights. I actually kept the light on in my bedroom the whole night. For fear of getting up late the next morning, I put three alarm clocks near my bed and set the alarms respectively at 6:00, 6:10, and 6:15. In order to prove that I could take care of myself, I washed my own clothes the second afternoon, though I could wait for Mother to do it. I really felt proud of myself and thought I was a big girl.

說明文寫作指導

說明文是以說明為主要表達方式，介紹事物的形狀、構造、性質、變化、類別、狀態、功能、成因、結果等特徵的文章。它是一種應用性很強的文體，說明的目的是讓讀者有所知，給讀者提供知識，使之瞭解客觀世界，掌握解決問題的方法。說明文的基本特點就是具有知識性、科學性、應用性、解說性和條理性。常見的說明文有：解說詞、說明書、書文簡介、內容提要、科普小品、生產工藝、操作規程和景物介紹等，常見說明方法有：定義、註釋、舉例、分類、比較、引用、比喻、描述、數字分析和綜合等。說明文的時態常用一般現在時，語態常用被動語態，有時用虛擬語氣。對中學生而言，說明文的出題形式為文字提示或圖表、圖示，文體則可見於短文、書信、便條、日記等。寫說明文必須注意事實正確，表達清晰，條理清楚，層次分明，語言簡練和用詞準確。

說明文範文賞析

說明文是對事情的發生、發展、結果、特徵、性質、狀態、功能等進行解釋、介紹、闡述的一種文體。這類文章的目的和性質是客觀地介紹、解釋事物，使讀者獲得知識和資訊，並不需要發表主張、做出證明。一般說來，知識簡介，商品介紹，旅遊指南，科技讀物，工作總結，實驗報告，教材輔導等均屬說明文之列。

寫說明文，可以按時間、空間、結構、邏輯順序來寫，也可以採取舉例、比較、對比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。

1.比較對照

比較對照有兩種，一是逐點比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯或先A後B：

1）逐點比較：多數人認為這種AB交錯的方式可以避免行文的單調沉悶，對比的效果更鮮明突出。如：

There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.

2) 整塊比較

It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.

2.分類

分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫事物、解釋觀點最有效的方式之一。通過將一事物分類，可使複雜事物變得清晰明瞭，便於作者闡述自己的觀點。

分類段落的各類排列要條理，可採用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：

1） As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal e people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.

本段採用平行排列的方式，按人的政治觀點分為三類：保守、自由和溫和。

2) These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University . First of all, the tuition is reasonable. Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessons the load of peasant families like mine. Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program. My chief reason, however, is Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.

該段採用主次排列的方式，分析了作者決定上Bingston大學的原因。

3) According to Mr. Li, the fifteen students of his class fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good students”. The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the class volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time. So Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind to their classmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the classroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “ good comrades”. “What about yourself?” someone asks him. “I’m a group by my self --a good observer”.

該段不同於以上兩段，不是先分類再解釋，而是先說明其特點，然後定義分類。雖分類並不科學，卻達到了其幽默之目的。

3.特徵

例證指具體說明人或事物特點、本質及其規律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例證型段落的寫作方式多為先提出主題再列舉事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例證後面，根據情況還可以加上結論句。如：

In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances of smoking.